Beer Et Al’s (1984) Harvard Model of Hrm Notes Essay

Despite almost two decades of debate in the mainstream literature around the nature of human resource management (HRM), its intellectual boundaries and its application in practice, the field continues to be dogged by a number of theoretical and practical limitations. This book is intended to provide students with a relatively advanced and critical discussion of the key debates and themes around HRM as it is conceptualized and operationalized in the early part of the twenty-first century. Thus the current contribution is intended to be in the tradition of Storey (2007) and Legge (1995) and aims to provide students with a well-grounded and critical overview of the key issues surrounding HRM from a theoretical and practical perspective. In doing so we draw on contributions from the leading scholars in the field who provide detailed discussions on key debates in their respective offerings. In this introduction we provide the context for the book though considering a number of overarching themes within which key debates in the field of HRM are situated. Specifically, we provide a summary discussion of the theoretical and intellectual boundaries of HRM, consider its emergence in historical context and identify some of the pervasive contradictions and limitations which prevail in the literature. Finally we provide a short outline of the structure and content of this volume. HRM defined Our discussion begins by considering what HRM actually means. Given the importance of definition in understanding the boundaries of a field, this issue is clearly an important point of departure. However, this question is more difficult to answer than one would expect, since from its emergence HRM has been dogged by the still largely unresolved ambiguity surrounding its definition. As Blyton and Turnbull (1992:2) note ‘The ways in which the term is used by academics and practitioners indicates both variations in meaning and significantly different emphases on what constitutes its core components’. One of the dominant definitions (in the UK at least) has been to define HRM as a contested domain, with rival soft and hard approaches. The soft approach to HRM is generally associated with the Harvard School and in particular the writings of Michael Beer and colleagues (see Beer et al., 1984; Beer and Spector, 1985; Walton and Lawrence, 1985). The soft school emphasizes the importance of aligning HR policies with organizational strategy; it emphasizes the role of employees as a valuable asset and source of competitive advantage through their commitment adaptability and quality (Legge, 1995; D’Art, 2002). It stresses gaining employee commitment to the organization through the use of a congruent suite of HRM policies. Soft HRM draws on behavioural sciences in particular, with strong resonance with the human relations school, while the concept of human growth, which is central to its theory, echoes ‘all-American’ theories of motivation, from McGregor’s Theory Y to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Legge, 1995). Hence it is sometimes conceptualized as ‘developmental humanism’ (Storey, 1989; Legge, 1995). HRM is operationalized in terms of strategic interventions designed to develop resourceful employees and to elicit their commitment to the organizational goal (Storey, 1992). However, sceptics have conceptualized soft HRM as the ‘iron fist in the velvet glove’, arguing that the theory of soft HRM ‘reduced †¦ the complex debate about the role of people in work organizations to the simplistic dogma of an economic model which even its â€Å"creator† Adam Smith would probably not have wished applied in such an indiscriminate manner’ (Hart, 1993:29–30). Another uncharitable definition of soft HRM is that it constituted a desperate rearguard action by liberal academics and practitioners, mostly writing in the United States, to sell more humane forms of managing people to essentially conservative owner interests that have in increasing numbers ruthlessly pressed for a maximization of short term profits, regardless of the cost to both employees and the long term good of the organization. In other words, soft HRM is about trying to encourage firms to be ‘nicer’ to their people, on the basis that such ‘niceness’ is likely to translate into greater commitment and productivity, and hence, even more profits. Soft HRM stands in contrast with the hard variant. Hard HRM is generally associated with the Michigan School (Forbrun et al., 1984). Its emphasis is on the use of human resource (HR) systems to ‘drive’ the attainment of the strategic objectives of the organizations (Forbrun et al., 1984). While sof t HRM emphasizes the human element of HRM, the emphasis of the hard approach is very much on the resource as a means of maximizing shareholder value over the short term. The duty of managers is quite simply to make money for owners, and a focus on other issues such as employee rights is simply a distraction: rather, by focusing on returns, the organization will perform most efficiently, which ultimately is in the interests of all. It has been argued that, in the tradition of Taylorism and Fordism, employees are viewed as a factor of production that should be rationally managed and deployed in quantitative and calculative terms in line with business strategy (Tyson and Fell, 1986; Storey, 1992). However, rather different to classic Taylorism or Fordism, job security in the new hard HRM is seen as an unnecessary luxury, whilst pay rates are to be kept to the lowest level the external labour market would permit: there is little mention in the literature illustrating how hard HRM echoes Henry Ford’s famous commitment to a 5 dollar/day wage. Human resource policies in the hard variant are designed to be both internally consistent and externally ali gned with the organizational strategy. These interventions are designed to ensure full utilization of the labour resource (Storey, 1992). It is legitimized and finds its impetus from a market-responsive frame of reference (Storey, 2007). At the extreme, implicit contracts regarding pensions and tenure are seen as hampering effective management: these should, if possible, be jettisoned, with employee rights being pared back as much a possible. Critics of this point of view have argued that such a focus is likely to make for higher staff turnover rates, with the inevitable loss of job specific skills and accumulated wisdom, low trust, low levels of organizational commitment, and hence, higher transaction costs (see Marsden, 1999). In other words, hard HRM is likely to make organizations less efficient. It could be argued that most successful incrementally innovative high value added manufacturing firms have shunned hard HRM. In contrast, it has been more widely deployed in more volatile areas of economic activity, such as f inancial services. A second and simpler way of viewing things is that HRM in the narrow sense can be defined as a strategic approach to managing employees, which came to the forefront in the liberal market economies, particularly the US and the UK, in the 1980s. Whilst having both soft (‘people friendly’) and hard (‘people as a resource to be deployed, utilized, and, if need be disposed of’) variations, common to this approach was an emphasis on optimal shareholder outcomes, with enhancing outcomes for other stakeholders being at the best a secondary objective, and at worst, an unnecessary distraction. This ‘two sides of the same coin’ point of view argues that, since the end of the long boom that lasted from the post World War II period up until the 1970s, there has been a period of erratic and unstable growth and recession. This period has been characterized by employers gaining the upper hand over employees, on account of the very much weaker bargaining position of the latter (cf. Kelly 1998). Given this, managers – particularly in the liberal market economies, such as the US and UK, where workers have historically had fewer rights under both law and convention – have taken the opportunity to fundamentally change the way they manage people. This has taken the form of systematic attempts to undermine collective bargaining with unions, replacing this with weak forms of consultation with individual employees. Collective employment contracts – where workers performing similar jobs are rewarded according to a pre-agreed pay scale – are replaced with individual ones, with employees being rewarded on the basis of regularly appraised performance, and/or through pay rates simply being linked to outputs. In other words, the role of the employee in the firm is not a dynamic and, in som e sense, negotiated relationship, but rather simply the deployment of a resource, in the same way a firm would deploy other physical resources, such as raw materials. A third way of looking at things is to simply conceptualize HRM as little more than a renaming of personnel management. In this vein, writers such as Armstrong (1987) describe HRM as ‘old wine in new bottles’, while Guest (1987) pointed to the fact that many personnel departments changed their names to HRM departments, with little evidence of any change in role. In practice, this would suggest that much HR work really concerns the administration of systems governing the administration of pay, promotion and recruitment procedures, etc. In turn, this would imply that HR managers are likely to lack power within the organization and have little say in setting real organizational strategies. Finally, HRM may be defined broadly in terms of including all aspects of managing people in organizations and the ways in which organizations respond to the actions of employees, either individually or collectively. The value of this catch all term is that it describes the wide range of issues surrounding both the employment contract, situations where an employment contract has yet to be agreed on (recruitment and selection), and ways in which employees may be involved and participate in areas not directly governed by the employment contract to make working life more agreeable and/or to genuinely empower people. In other words, it goes beyond simply ‘industrial relations’ or ‘employment relations’. The terms ‘personnel administration’ or ‘personnel management’ would not provide a totally accurate label, given their administrative and non-strategic connotations. Some insights into the different ways HRM has been conceived have been provided by the Keele University affair in 2007–2008. A conservative university administration resolved to restructure business and management studies in the university through the simple device of making acade mics that had formally specialized in ‘industrial relations’ redundant. In many respects, this was a surprising decision, given robust student numbers, and the fact that industrial relations research was one area where Keele had gained an excellent reputation. Backed up by the findings of a committee of external ‘experts’, university administration implied that industrial relations academics were likely to be less capable of teaching HRM, and, by implication, had skills sets not relevant to modern business education. Tellingly, a petition signed by many leading HRM and industrial relations academics in Britain, in response to this decision, included a statement that HRM could not be separated from industrial relations, and that the skills necessary to teach industrial relations could broadly be applied to understanding HRM. In other words, HRM was simply a collective noun describing work and employment relations in the broadest possible sense, and was not really about special new skills, or a new and different agenda (see www.bura.org.uk). The preceding discussion highlights the ambiguity around the boundaries of HRM. These differences are summarized in Table 1.1. The tension around definition persists in the literature and a central theme in this volume is highlighting the contradictions between these two broad understandings of HRM. We argue that for ethical and sustainability reasons, more stakeholder orientated approaches to people management are preferable, with shareholder dominant approaches facing both quotidian micro-crises at firm (encompassing problems of human capital development and commitment) and at macro-economic (encompassing problems of excessive speculation-driven volatility, industrial decline, and chronic balance of payments problems) levels. HRM and personnel management compared As noted above, a key point of reference in definitions on HRM is through comparing it with its predecessor – personnel management. Although this debate is somewhat dated, it remains important. Thus it merits summary discussion. During the early days of HRM’s emergence as a mainstream approach to people management a number of commentators were sceptical about the extent to which it represented something different to its predecessor – personnel management. Over time it has become apparent that there are substantive differences between the two, Table 1.1 Definitions of HRM†¦ Definition | Implication | Contested domain | HRM is a contested domain, with two rival paradigms, hard and soft HRM | Two sides of the same coin | Whether hard or soft, HRM is about the management of people in a particular, new way. This may involve the use of strategy to manage people, or simply reflect structural changes that have strengthened management at the expense of employees | ‘New wine in old bottles’ | HRM is little more than the extension of traditional personnel management | Collective noun | HRM is a commonly reflected description for a range of practices associated with managing work and employment relations | At least at a theoretical level. In illuminating these differences a brief discussion on personnel management is merited (for a full discussion, see Legge, 1995). While there are a number of accepted definitions of personnel management, some of which in the US context are closer to accepted definitions of HRM (see Kaufman, 2001; Strauss, 2001), there is a degree of consensus as to its key characteristics. First, personnel management is largely conceived as a downstream activity with a limited strategic role. And, despite the rhetoric, HRM is often not that strategic: after all, both hard and soft HRM ultimately depict HRM as a transmission belt, passing down an agenda of shareholder value. Further, personnel management is generally considered to be reactive and piecemeal with little integration between its various elements. One of the greatest management thinkers – if popular management writing can be considered thought at all – of the last century, Peter Drucker (1961:269), neatly summarized the personnel role as ‘a collection of incidental techniques with little internal cohesion. As personnel administration conceives the job of managing worker and work, it is partly a file clerk’s job, partly a house keeping job, partly a social worker’s job and partly fire-fighting to head off union trouble or to settle it’. This limited role is alluded to by Legge’s (1995:88) observation that ‘in the UK â€Å"personnel management† evokes i mages of do-gooding specialists trying to constrain line managers, of weakly kowtowing to militant unions, of both lacking power and having too much power’. Indeed it has been argued that the perceived welfare role of the personnel function was one aspect of it that limited its credibility as a managerial function. It also resulted in females playing a key role in personnel in its formative years in the UK context (Legge, 1995). A scrutiny of the gender composition of classes at many Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development approved training centres provides some corroboration for the gendered nature of much HR work. A further dimension of the broad personnel role in the UK was its key role in negotiating with trade unions, a characteristic which points toward the fire-fighting role of personnel. Indeed, it was this element of the role that bought increasing numbers of males into the profession (Gunnigle et al., 2006). However, more recent evidence in the UK points to a shift in the balance towards a greater feminization of the HR function (Kersley et al., 2006:69). This engagement with trade unions points to a collectivist orientation and, owing to the historical prominence of trade unions, particularly in the UK and Ireland, personnel management became infused with a pluralist frame of reference (Flanders 1964). Given the importance of bargaining, managing the industrial relationship gained a distinct identity: it is worth noting that the divide between basic personnel management and industrial relations persists in the academic literature, with, as a general rule, those academic journals focusing on the former having low prestige, and on the latter, high prestige. Newer explicitly HR journals represent something of a cross over and incorporate aspects of both, as well as insights from, other disciplines. The preceding discussion suggests that HRM and personnel management – and industrial relations – may differ in a number of substantive ways. The first is that HRM is conceived as having a more strategic role and hence elevated t o the top management table, suggesting a more upstream role, even if, in practice, this has been little more than wishful thinking. Nonetheless, HRM does concern attempts to develop an integrated and congruent set of HR policies as opposed to the piecemeal approach apparent in the traditional personnel role. Furthermore, HR policy and practice is also targeted at the individual level. This is reflected in the preference for individual performance related pay, individual communication mechanisms, employee opinion surveys and the like. A final key distinguishing factor is that, reflective of the individualist orientation, HRM is premised on a unitarist understanding of conflict. Unitarism suggests that there are no intrinsic conflicts of interest in the employment relationship as all within the organization are working toward a common goal for the success of the organization. The common goal is reflected in the idea that there is a single source of authority within the organization – management. Given that there are argued to be no conflicts of interest within the organization – conflicts are caused b y breakdowns in communication or by troublemakers. Conflict should be suppressed by improving communication or removing troublemakers from the organization. Unions are opposed on two grounds: (1) there are no conflicts of interest within the workplace and thus they are unnecessary and (2) they would represent an alternative source of authority. Alternatively, unions may be co-opted to the managerial agenda, through ‘partnership’, with unions trading off militancy for continued recognition, and the benefits that would arguably flow from greater organizational competitiveness. More critical strands of the HR literature suggest that this focus is mistaken, that employees often retain a collective identity, and that managerial power will inevitably continue to be challenged in ways that would make new accommodations necessary if the organization is to work in the most effective way. http://lib.myilibrary.com/Open.aspx?id=223448&src=0#

Daimler Chrystler

Mergers and acquisitions take place to realize the synergies between the two or more companies. Why do you think the Daimler- Chrysler merger failed to realize the synergies that were expected from the merger? If mergers and acquisitions take place to realize the synergies between the two or more companies then Daimler- Chrysler were heading for failure from the beginning itself. The merger was not just between the companies but between two drastically opposite cultural bodies. While Germany was characterized as a society that lays importance to success, money and material possessions and that which feels threatened by ambiguity, the American culture is characterized as individualistic, where people value having a high opportunity for earnings and getting recognition they deserve for a good job. They do not feel threatened by uncertainty. The merger between these two companies was followed by an agreement to let each of their cultures and practices prevail and to manage the new found entity Daimler Chrysler in that manner. The companies failed to address their differences and caused a sense of uncertainty in the minds of employees from both companies. While the Germans think through each and every step involved in decision making and implementation and the Americans lacked the urgency to build that sense of security for themselves. Lack of open communication, corporate cultural clash, inadequate planning, a laid back leadership bench at Chrysler, differences in leadership and management styles and over all organization culture gave room for doubts about their ability to make the merger work. The merger seemed more like an empire building exercise by Juergen Schrempp. Daimler did not look into the facts and figures and draw a map for the future of thenew found company and to a certain extent this ambiguity created havoc. Daimler and Chrysler were each strong players in their market but failed to diffuse their differences and create a company that had the potential to compete for a far bigger market share. Q2. Many a cross cultural merger has failed because proper attention was not given to the difference in cultures between the two companies. What issues must be addressed to make a cross- cultural merger a success? There are plenty of examples of how mergers and acquisitions failed in the past. Roughly two thirds of big mergers lose value at the stock market. All motivations that lead to the merger prove false once the process is done and any cost benefit from the premium paid will become evident as overestimated. Having said that, a cross cultural merger would have that much lesser chance to survive and reap profits compared to the similar culture mergers. Apart from miscalculations about economies of scale and revenues, the company has to deal with the cultural aspect that will affect the business day in and day out. To make any cross cultural merger a success there has to be an audit of the characteristics and cultures of the two companies. Unless an audit is done, one would be uncertain of how different or how similar the companies are; the level of compatibility will be unknown. Any planning done without this vital information will only lead to the way to disaster as in the case of Daimler-Chrysler. A deal that makes financial and cultural sense is the only deal that will stand the test of times and reap benefits of the merger. Moreover, a strong leadership bench is absolutely important. It is the people who take decisions that make or break a company. For example, the mergers between Daimler and Chrysler wouldnot have taken such drastic shape if Chrysler had a competent and strong leadership bench. Daimler had intentions of taking over Chrysler from the very beginning of negotiations but Chryslers management was not able to hold their position and did not do enough due diligence to ensure the motivation behind the merger was mutual. Even after the merger, the change in leadership at Chrysler gave way for Daimler to dominate and turn things around for themselves. Lastly, the employees of both companies should assimilate cultures and working patterns such that there is no shock later. Training and planning and implementation of the plan have to be carried out. The merger process must be carried out together by both the companies. Q3. Very often companies involved in a merger claim it to be a merger of equals but this is not the case always . The Daimler-Chrysler deal was never expected to be a merger of equals . Comment . The manner in which the dealings in Daimler-Chrysler merger have been carried out is clear evidence that this merger was never meant to be among equals. Daimler obviously did not have any intentions to work hand in hand with Chrysler. The comments made by Juergen Schremppare evidence that he had hidden the real motivation to have initiated the merger process. The dealings that followed- no concrete plan of integrating Chrysler and Daimler, the change in organization structure in Chrysler, the losses that Chrysler incurred, the loss of employment at Chrysler etc shows that Daimler saw Chrysler as the reason for loss. Had this been a merger of equals, there would have been proper measures to smoothen out the process of integration and ensure the communication was open. Daimler-Chrysler would have had chalked a plan for the integration process and assimilated their management style. Moreover there would have been a management team who would look into implementing the merger process ensuring that events that occurred at Chrysler would not have occurred- (Loss of leaders, appoint of Daimlers executive as Chryslers head of management, no presence of Chrysler inthe supervisory board of management, Chrysler reduced to an operating division, Chrysler sailing division called for retrenchment). Daimler had intended to use Chrysler for it facilities and never intended to make it a partner in decision making and growth plans. Most importantly what is the motivation behind the merger or acquisition is what decides the fate of that merger. In this case, it was clearly not a case of mergers between equals. Daimler- Chrysler did not use its resources to create synergies and one of the companies had to end up being absorbed into the other.

benefits of work integrated learning education

benefits of work integrated learning education While reviewing the literature on the subject of the impact of the Hospitality Curriculum at the Durban University of Technology on Work Integrated Learning. The researcher believes that one needs to deal with the issues separately, that is the issue of Work Integrated Learning firstly and then the issue of the Curriculum at the Durban University of Technology .The chapter reviews literature that is based on the above mentioned issues and it has been divided into different sections. The sections start to talk about Work Integrated Learning in general explaining what it is about and then goes on to talk about the history of Work Integrated Learning and how it was founded. The next idea deals with the importance of Work Integrated Learning, it is then followed by the Work Integrated Learning process and the next section talks about the benefits of Work Integrated Learning. The next area starts talking about the Hospitality Management curriculum at the Durban University of Technology a nd it goes into the next section which discusses the Work Integrated Learning process used at the Durban University of Technology. The trainees experience Work Integrated Learning is dealt with here and then it show the ideal Work Integrated Learning experience for a in service trainee. The next sections talks about Hospitality and leads on to the next section which gives an overview of the Hospitality Industry. The last section discusses the Hospitality Management Programs at different universities and institutions. 2.2.1 Work Integrated Learning (Cooperative education) According to Poppins and Singh (2005) Work Integrated Learning is referred to as an internship program by many people and it provides the learner with real life learning experiences. Work Integrated Learning is included in many academic programs and universities not only in South Africa ,but all over the world. There are many names that Work Integrated Learning is referred to and some of the names are internships, s andwich year, workplace learning and cooperative education. Work Integrated Learning can be defined when a student that is doing a tertiary degree program has a period in time where they undergo professional work in their field of study. It is said that by providing students with real life experiences it is one of the best methods to prepare the students for their future career. Similarly, Schuetze and Sweet(2003) state that there are debates whether the universities and colleges teach graduates the knowledge and skills relevant to work in a knowledge based economy. There are high demands on universities to provide and supply both highly trained workers. To meet their objectives universities have developed alternative strategies to prepare young people for work life and one of these strategies used is Cooperative Education which is also known as Work Integrated Learning. (Suskie, 2009:124) suggests that when students start Work Integrated Learning it is very important that they deve lop their goals and information should be collected by students on their goals from internal and external resources. The internal resources can be a college or universities, mission statement, vision statement and the experiences of recent graduates can be internal resources also. External resources can be goals of the industry, surveys or interviews of current employees. Nipson(2000) states that Work Integrated Learning has introduced the adult world of work to students and it has been described as a learning plan where students earn and with this the students can graduate with the knowledge and experience to be successful in their careers that await them. There are certain environments that support Work Integrated Learning and each of these environments should support a learner or a teacher and also provide support for interactions between the two for learning purposes. According to Wynn(2000) employers can reap many rewards from Work Integrated Learning as it is a less expensive means of recruiting and looking for future employees. It also reduces the cost of keeping existing employees and employers can evaluate the students without making a long term commitment to them.

Strategic management Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management Assignment 1 - Essay Example Global Retail Industry Global economy is decelerating due to various reasons such as Euro zone crisis and economic recession started in the year 2008 (Deloitte, 2012). Retailers such as Marks & Spencer, John Lewis, Target, Wal-Mart, Kohl and others are struggling to maintain sales growth while other retail players such as Nordstrom, Saks and Neiman Marcus have recorded same store sales growth of 12% last year. Global retailers are facing following trends to change the dynamics of business operation. Format Retailers are using online channel to increase market penetration and offer product in accordance with demand of customers. Wal-Mart has recently closed their Marketside (grocery store) due to poor return on investment. Wal-Mart has planned to open scalable retail version in order to fulfil demand of space constrained and low population market. The initiative is known as Wal-Mart Express. IKEA has launched their country specific retail format way back in the year 2000. IKEA provide s full home solution in order to fulfil multidimensionality of demand. Walgreen has added food section and medicine segment in their retail format with an intention to diversify product offering. UK based departmental store chain John Lewis has implemented online sales channel in order to offer products to time constrained customer. Merchandising Customers are becoming more demanding due to hypercompetitive nature of the market. Retailers have shifted their focus from selling merchandises to offering product associated with customer trait such as right quality, right price and superior service. Retailers are changing their offering in accordance to local culture and taste. In the changed market dynamics retailers need three things. These three things are explained in the following section. Proper market research on taste and preference of local customers Developing analytics engine such as demand forecasting, store clustering, campaign tracking, price mapping and basic assortment pl anning Technology integration such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), RFID (Radio Frequency Identity) is needed in order to create a effective value chain Online Shopping Study conducted by KPMG shows that digital presence (social media, mobile, web traffic) of retail network has increased manifold in recent years. 40 % of retailers are banking on social networking sites for increasing online presence while remaining 60% still believe that web trafficking is the best way to improve online presence. Global report suggests that online retailing is showing a growth potential of 15% while offline trade channels are growing at a rate of 7% for last two years (Grannis, 2012). Porter Five Force Analysis Threat of New Entrants Global retail industry is passing through a crucial period due to following reasons: Market is becoming saturated in developed countries due to presence of many competitors. Market of developing countries is becoming attractive due to various schemes offered by re spective governments. For example, Chinese government has opened up the economy for foreign retailers by decreasing

Human Factors in Cockpit Design Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Factors in Cockpit Design - Term Paper Example They get involved in behavioral/cognitive task-analysis, time analysis for assessment of various task demands, computer modeling for reach analysis and assessing the complexities of the task involved. It stems from the color selection to environmental considerations for the error free operations by pilot. It is essential that critical information is presented in the pilots field of view so that his potential energies are focused on the critical task. Information presented should be easy to interpret and presented in the way to avoid cluttering. The Head-Down-Display (HDD) and the Head-Up-Display (HUD) are the systems, which are capable of satisfying these needs. Advanced technological research tools like simulators are capable of giving a great insight in studying man-machine interaction to make travel safe and less burdensome for pilots. The journey is endless and it will continue to pose new challenges depending upon the complexities that will come on the way. Cockpit designing wil l also be impacted from the other technologies too and may culminate into totally a different shape and style not imagined by anybody so far. The purpose of any designers task while addressing Human Factor issue is to see the aspects of safety, ease of operation, and which is easy to learn. Good design promotes efficiency and consistency in task performance. That is the underlying principle on which cockpit designing is done. Cockpit is a compartment from where pilot controls the aircraft whether it is in air or on ground. The term is used to denote a place where pilot along with copilots are stationed with myriad of controls to navigate the aircraft. The cockpit contains various flight instruments and the controls to facilitate pilot navigation. The term is also sometimes used for the driver’s place in racing cars. Cockpit has a window which can be opened while the airplane is on the ground. Glass windows

ASTRONOMY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ASTRONOMY - Essay Example The gravitational force will be greater if the object’s mass is greater. 7. Terrestrial planets are those that under the asteroid belt: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. Jovian Planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Terrestrial planets are much smaller in size when compared to Jovian Planets. Jovian Planets take much longer time for revolving around the sun and rotating in their own axis. 8. Comets are made of ice, rock and different organic compounds where as meteorite is made of space rocks that are left by comets. When meteor enters earth’s atmosphere it ignites, which is called as meteor and when it hit earth it is called as meteorite. 9. One of the important theories for continental drift and plate tectonics is that Earth is constantly moving (revolution and rotation) and the landscapes have to adjust themselves to this phenomenon. Because of this process continental drift and plate tectonics are occurring. When carefully observed on globe the continents are once upon a time were one huge landscape. 10. The major surfaces of moon are craters, highlands, lighter and darker areas. The temperatures on lighter areas are very high and on darker areas very low. It is believed thousands of centuries ago moon was covered with volcanic eruptions. 11. Venus is much closer to sun than earth. That is the reason its atmosphere is very hot compared to that of earth. Most of its terrain consists of volcanoes that are taller than Mount Everest. Lava flows like a river in

Sharpe's Budget Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sharpe's Budget Problem - Essay Example The cash budget should include the all the costs likely to be paid and cash to be received (Crosson, Power, and Needles, 2011). The direct cost are the expenses incurable which are directly associated with the revenue sources, and/or can be directly apportioned to that source of the revenue with a high degree of accuracy. The cash budget should be monitored closely so as to establish how closely the company has adhered to meeting its objectives with respects to its finances (Hilton, Thorne and Lang field-Smith, 2006). In order to achieve this, it is expedient to prepare a variance report. A variance statement will contrasts the expected cash outflow and expenditure. ... It will be imprudent for a company to fail to produce a cash budget. In this case, the sales of the company are increasing and collections are made at a rate of 10% of sales during the month, 60% of the sales during the month presiding the month of sales, and 30% in the second month following the sale. Rent and other expenditures are made each month and do not vary. Tax is paid only in the month of March and June, 2004 at the rate of $ 22,500 during the period under consideration. Workings NOTE 1 cash collections Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sales 90,000 120,000 135,000 240,000 300,000 270,000 225,000 150,000 Cash sales 10% of sales 9,000 12,000 13,500 24,000 30,000 27,000 22,500 15,000 Notes – 2 collections Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug sales 220,000 175,000 90,000 120,000 135,000 240,000 300,000 270,000 225,000 150,000 60% of sales 132,000 105,000 54,000 72,000 81,000 144,000 180,000 162,000 135,000 30% of sales 66,000 52,500 27,000 36,000 40,500 72,000 90,000 8 1,000 Total collections for the month 171,000 106,500 99,000 117,000 184,500 252,000 252,000 216,000 Notes – 3 purchases payments Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug sales 220,000 175,000 90,000 120,000 135,000 240,000 300,000 270,000 225,000 150,000 Purchases 60% 54,000 72,000 81,000 144,000 180,000 162,000 135,000 90,000 - - Payments 54,000 72,000 81,000 144,000 180,000 162,000 135,000 90,000 - Payment of notes payable of $ 200,000 Sharpe requires cash of $ 200,000 to pay notes payable. There are two scenarios in this case, the first case is where the not payable are paid without interest. In this case, the company has ample cash to repay the notes. The following is the cash budget after factoring in the notes payable at the end of July. The assumption that the

Individual Business Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Individual Business Report - Assignment Example The report expounds on the description of the product and services offered by the shop and its unique selling point. The marketing mix along with the customer segmentation also gets described to explain who the shop targets and how it builds its brand awareness. Finally, the report concludes with the financial area of the business, explaining the shop’s financial plan and its credit policies. For ages certain things have not changed, some people still have issues in buying gifts, especially flowers for their girlfriends, fiancà ©es, and wives (Reid & Bojanic, 2009). But, while other things do not change, fortunately, some change like technology that makes the gift-giving process much easier. The Red White and Bloom is certain that the opportunity to use technology in making it easier for people to buy custom flower arrangements along with delivery on the days they determine in advance. Red White and Bloom is a flower shop that I started, and I am the majority owner. The company targets the executive business people in the high street in London for each upscale, Frequent Lower Gift Program and long term. The Red White and Bloom differs from other traditional florists through cultivating personal relationships by using delivery services, technology and giving the Gift program that making the buying of flowers easy. Thus, this report explains further the aims of the busine ss, its environment, product description and the market mix along with its consumer segmentation and financial area. Red White and Bloom aims at using technology to enhance the delivery program and identify along with serving the ideal target audience within the high street in London. The company uses sophisticated marketing techniques in securing a core executive business people clientele and corporate accounts along with differentiating from other traditional and online florists. The company differentiates itself through the delivery program, Frequent Flower Gift Programs, and custom

The Tenant of Wildfell Hall by Anne Bronte Essay

The Tenant of Wildfell Hall by Anne Bronte - Essay Example The structure of the novel is a story within a story. The writer introduces a diary entry in the middle of the novel to tell the story of how Helen married and ran away from her former husband. The diary, told from Helen’s point of view, forms the bulk of the novel and most of the themes are to be found in this part of the book. Through her diary entries, Helen lets the reader know exactly what she went through in her marriage and what pushed her to want to leave her husband. It is through the diary narrative that the reader gets to know more about what society expected of women and the role of men during the Victorian era. The complex structure of the novel depicts the complex social situation of the woman during the Victorian era. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall talks about the issues of marriage, divorce and remarriage during the Victorian era. The main focus is on the place of the woman in a patriarchal society which considers a woman to have no rights whatsoever once she is married. In this society, the woman is supposed to be the angel in the house, the good person who is there to serve her husband and take care of her children. The heroine in the story is Helen, a woman who gets married to Arthur Huntington, a character presented as lacking in basic morals and sense of responsibility. Huntington represents the male figures during the Victorian era who drink themselves to stupors, gamble and party without having any regard for the consequences of their actions (106). On the other hand, their faithful spouses are required to put up with their roguish behaviors and ask no questions at all. Helen’s outspoken nature often puts her in conflict with those around her since it is expected that she should not question what her husband does. At the beginning of the narration, Helen meets and falls in love with Huntington who is handsome and has a charming personality which Helen falls

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Humanities - Essay Example is new style of music changed the traditional pattern and rhythmic harmony of the Romanticism period, by creating music that lacked either patter or rhythmic harmony. The major transformation in music as characterized by atonal music was a shift towards the artists glorifying art itself, as opposed to praising the beauty of people and creations as was previously the trend with the Romanticism music. A major example of the composers of the atonal music is Arnold Schoenberg, whose music applied no particular rhythmic or pattern harmony, such that it was easily categorized as noise by the average music listener (Northern.edu, n.p.). Thus, Arnold Schoenberg’s atonal music took the form of noise, and the meaning was simply that music does not have to praise anyone or anything in particular, but a combination of different sounds themselves can comprise music. In the artistic field, the transformation from the earlier patterns of meaningful art was realized in the 20th century, where the painters and artists completely changed the course of art, sculptures and paintings as communicating objects, to the creation of non-communicating pieces of art. For example, Cubism art movement that developed in the 20th century would just combine multiple perspective and objects within a single piece of art, such that the overall outcome of a painting would be numerous objects that are clamped together in no defined pattern. One of the major and recognized artist of the Cubism movement was Pablo Picasso, whose art majorly combined numerous objects, perspectives and even time different times (Northern.edu, n.p.). The relationship between form and art in the Pablo Picasso’s artwork was simply multiple object form with the meaning that art does not specifically have to address one particular theme, but it can simply be combination of different times , perspectives and objectives. Further, Abstract Expressionism is another artistic development of the 20th century, which was a major

Political Leadership Essay Example for Free

Political Leadership Essay Political Leadership and the Problem of the Charismatic Power Author(s): Carl J. Friedrich Source: The Journal of Politics, Vol. 23, No. 1, (Feb. , 1961), pp. 3-24 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Southern Political Science Association Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2127069 Accessed: 04/08/2008 17:34 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp. JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCode=cup. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [emailprotected] org. http://www. jstor. org POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND THE PROBLEM OF THE CHARISMATIC POWER* CARLJ. FRIEDRICH Harvard University. introduced sociology into and its derivatives, THE TERM charisma many years ago by a Germansociologist, has lately been spreading into political science here and abroad. The intellectuals desire to sound profound by the use of unfamiliar words may have a share in this fad, but it would seem that the term also responds to a very real need. One recent writer goes so far as to define charisma as the right to rule by virtue of what they (the leaders) have been and are. Needless to say, such vagueness is a far cry from the original usage. 1 In order to be able to assess the utility of the concept of charismatic leadership, charismatic authority (and legitimacy) and charismatic power and rule, it will be necessary to clarify the phenomena of power, rule and leadership which are supposed to be qualified by this quality of being charismatic. Power is a central concern of political science. It is a phenomenon which is universally recognized, but difficult to understand. Like all data of the real world, it defies rigorous definition. Most famous among the attempts at definition is that of Hobbes. He states that power is the present means to secure some future apparent good. (Leviathan Chap. 10) Such a definition (while historically important as a challenge to the traditional notion that what is good can be authoritatively known)2 is both too broad and too narrow. Too broad, because it makes it impossible to distinguish power from wealth; for what is wealth but a present *Based upon a paper delivered at the 1960 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York, on September 9, 1960. The problems here discussed will be more fully developed within a systematic context in a forthcoming book on this and related issues. Max Weber, Wirtschaft und GeselIschaft, 1922, Part I, Chap. 3, paras. 1014; Part III, Chap. 9, and elsewhere. An abbreviated edition of Talcott Parsons and Henderson was published under the title The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. The discussion of charisma and charismatic leadership is found on pp. 358ff. The statement quoted on charisma is found in M. S. Lipsett, Political Man (1959) p. 49. 2Hobbes, in consequence, denied the notion of a summum bonum; these Doints were rightly stressed in comments by David Spitz. [3] 4 THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS [Vol. 23 means to secure some future apparent good? Hobbes reply to such an objection would have been, of course, that wealth is a form of power; he says as much in the discussion that follows his definition. Whatever may be the argument here on broad philosophical grounds, it is operationally important today to draw this distinction, in order to differentiate political from economic concerns and thus politics from economics. Actually so broad a definition as Hobbes really identifies power with the totality of resources available to a man to realize his values or purposes. If power is thus defined, what does it mean to say that life is but a ceaseless search for power after power unto death-the famous claim of Hobbes and recited to this day? It simply says that men seek that which they desire, which is little short of tautological. But Hobbes definition is not only too broad; it is also too narrow. For it talks of power as if it were a thing, something to have and to hold, and may be to sit upon like a bag of gold. Power at times possesses this quality, but at other times not at all, and it is important to see it in its dual nature, because only this Janusfaced quality gives to power the perplexing dynamic quality which men feel but find it difficult to account for. Power is not only a thing, a possession, but it is also a relation, as Locke insists in his Essay on Human Understanding (Bk. II, Chap 21) where he states are (powers relations, not agents. If power is looked at in the dimension of time, it becomes clear that its relational quality is the more evident, the longer the time span involved. For it is in the rise and the decline of political power, whether of individuals or of larger groups that the relational quality, the fact that power is always power over other men, becomes evident. In a certain sense, therefore, it is possible to say that the stress upon its quality as a thing, a possession to have and to hold, is the result of an illusion. But such a statement is not wholly justified. Due to the institutionalization of power relationships, presently to be discussed, the power attached to a certain office is a thing, a possession to have and to hold. To be sure, the office may be lost as a result of the way the power is used, but while the office is held, the power is in the hands of him who holds it. Therefore it is appropriate to say that power is to some extent 8It is curious and has been noted occasionallythat Locke in his Essays on Civil Government (I1,4) builds the argument upon Hobbes concept, though the other notion, implicit in his general philosophy, also plays its part. 1961] POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND CHARISMATIC POWER 5 a possession p(l), and to some extent a relation p(2). It is the ratio of the two ingredients which political science must continuously be concerned with. The difference between political phenomena in which the ratio of p(l) and p(2) is greater than one, and those in which the ratio of p(l) to p(2) is smaller than one is familiar to the study of politics. The first is typically a stabilized office, such as that of an hereditary monarch, or of an official of a firmly established republic. The second ratio, p (l)

Role Of Education in Sustainable Development Essay Example for Free

Role Of Education in Sustainable Development Essay Sustainable development is that development which will meet the present needs of the community without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Environmental education involves among other things the provision of information, recognizing values, clarifying concepts etc in order to develop skills and attitudes that enable the community to understand and appreciate the relationship between their cultures and their physical surroundings. At international fora, attempts have been made to promote environmental education. In the year 1975 in Belgrade, the program for international environmental education was started followed by the conference in Tsibilisi in 1977, Nevada 1979, Moscow 1987, †¦. . Since then the council of European countries has twice called on member countries to advance on environmental education in all sectors of education. There is required a dominant policy to ensure that the findings of research on environmental science are properly applied to ensure that the world is safe for further development with no further destruction of the natural resources. It is therefore necessary to involve the players in political, economic and cultural sectors in designing environmental programs. By doing this, we will notice that all these players have turned environmentalists and we can expect a conflict of interest of style in the approach of environmental matters. This is because sustainable development is a contested territory with its ownership disputed by forces with very diverse interests. Its thus difficult to foresee any slackening of the effort on those who will continue to impose development to suit their ends invoking â€Å"modernity, national integration, economic growth and other slogans† (Adams 1990, p199). With challenges as these, education is a must in order to bring these interests groups together and come up with sound policy on sustainable  development, infact one that is conscious of future needs. OBSTACLES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT There are various obstacles to sustainable development which include:- 1. Lack of awareness on issues involved, 2. Political unacceptability of obvious steps forward, 3. Opposition by groups with vested interests, 4. Inadequacy of institutional mechanism for integrating environment and development. SOLUTIONS To overcome these obstacles, there is a feeling among many groups that there is a need to replace the ideas and values that underlie the complex and visible obstacles with a new approach and reshaping of ideas and values. To do this we need not just a modification, but a total revolution of our thinking. This can well be achieved through a well-designed education approach. ROLE OF EDUCATION Education plays a major role in enhancing people’s awareness about bio-diversity conservation as well as sustainable development. It leads to actualization of conservation knowledge and skills which in turn help in broadening people’s knowledge about conservation, thus making them functional members of the society. Education will enlighten stakeholders on various issues relating to sustainable development and bio-diversity conservation. Also education will sensitize them to participate fully in campaigns against any act or development that threaten future sustainability. Consequently, education empowers stakeholders to take increasing charge of their own developments as key ingredients combined with a clear knowledge of environmental constraints and of requirements to meet basic needs. This enables people to understand their need for and importance of biodiversity for now and in the future. It is this education which will enable us realise  that sustainable development confronts not just society, but each of us at the heart of his or her purpose. It invites us to give practical support to the values of social equity, human worth and ecological health. Education questions our readiness to involve ourselves in the struggle for change, it challenges our willingness to contribute in greater measure to the activities of NGO’s and dedicated individuals who campaign on our behalf. Moreover, education asks us to accept that the small beginnings from which so many successful campaigns have started resides within ourselves. As Laszlo (1989) puts it, â€Å"we contemplate changing almost anything on this earth except ourselves,† and this is due to the inner constraints in our visions and values that can only be removed through education. This is because education will explain the need for and importance of attitude and behaviour change in our pursuit for development, as a result we will realise that we owe the future generations what we have today. It is education that will enable us reach a conclusion as Max-reef (1991,P113) explains: -â€Å"I have reached the conclusion that I lack the power to change the world or any significant part of it, I only have the power to change myself. And the fascinating thing is that if I decide to change myself, there is no police force in the world that can prevent me doing so. It is my decision and if I want to do it, I can do it. Now the point is that if I change myself, something may happen as a consequence that may lead to a change in the world†. As such awareness becomes more general, sustainable development will be regarded seriously by the people who really count not just elites but people generally. Education whether formal or informal has been proved to be a powerful tool in promoting changes in the attitudes and perceptions of people about a resource. A series of conferences under the auspices of UNDP have been held to address issues pertaining to the link between sound natural resource management and sustainable development, environmental conservation and improved human welfare. Education for sustainable development will not only create awareness of the  global crisis but must place it at the heart of the curriculum. It must be â€Å"ecological† rather than â€Å"environmental† encouraging broad holistic thinking, teaching the need for structural change and promoting the correct application of reductionist thinking to specific technical problems. It will embrace all the means of the change discussed in this paper and alert stakeholders to the feasibility of alternative practices. Further, education will not only inform stakeholders, but also allow them to participate in decision making process about biodiversity conservation and thus promoting change. Through education, stakeholders will not only become acquinted with one another’s vision about healthy ecosystems but also stimulates them to formulate their own visions relating to biodiversity. It will not only teach them about holism but will require them to think holistically. Holistic thinking is a particularly important means of change for sustainable development because it attempts to figure out the consequences. Holistic approach tries to anticipate the problem â€Å"simple† solutions, create and to identify more satisfactory structural solutions. Holistic thinking led one farmer in Kenya, sickened at having to shoot the elephants ruining his crops, to adopt an alternative form of land use, accommodating not only his own interest but also those of elephants, of tourists who wanted to see elephants and of local people who could supplement their subsistence economy with income from tourism. Education will also help us to see the need of putting people first in all our endeavours in sustainable development and biodiversity conservation. Putting people first means quite simply valuing people for themselves, for what they are rather than for what they can do, or how they can perform in the service of some interest whose ends may be quite radically opposed to the meeting of human need. Putting people first also means empowerment- a process by which those who are or feel excluded from decision making are enabled to participate in it. It involves the transfer of power from those in authority to smaller groups. In some countries this has to begin with establishing or re-establishing political rights and other basic freedoms. (A recent example is the return to free elections in Malawi and Kenya). Only  then can a start be made to provide education and training to raise awareness and allow stakeholders to play an effective role in political process. Empowerment also refers to what Paul Freire, the Brazilian educationist calls â€Å"Conscientization† or education for consciousness, by which communities and individuals become aware of the reasons for their poverty and oppression and begin to discuss what they themselves can do about it without enabling action by the authorities. Ecological education will not only teach about empowerment but will enable stakeholders to fulfil their aspiration by helping them to develop their full range of abilities. By paying equal attention to emotional and intellectual development, education will teach the basic life skills people need to establish identities and grow as individuals. By encouraging creativity, commitment and initiative, it will equip stakeholders to take responsibility for themselves and their future, and to avoid dependency on biodiversity without ensuring its sustainability through sound management practices. It will also focus on relationships and teach what Harrison (1990,p203) calls the â€Å"work of human communication of caring and nurturance, of tending the personal bonds of the community†. It is envisaged that well organised education will also enhance our ability to relate with each other, not just on the level of day to day communication skill, but more importantly by acknowledging others identities and rights to a resource. This education will initiate a process of lifelong growth in awareness and aspiration. An individuals readiness to participate in that process, at however lowly or rudimentary a level, will be more important than acquiring impressive qualifications, for as Paul Freire (1972) points out, we are all â€Å"unfinished† human beings with a commitment to improve â€Å"unfinished† reality. Without the opportunity to develop their potential, individuals can not develop fully in discussions and initiatives on which progress to more sustainable development depends. Therefore, properly resourced and directed education will ensure that all stakeholders become the beneficiaries of the care, concern and skills of others. CONCLUSION In a world where the challenge of sustainable development is an imperative, rather than an option, we can not afford to debar people from participating by making them feel failures, whether academic failures as a result of the rigid application of elitist standards, or social or personal failures as a result of inadequate evolutions of both their needs and their potential. Therefore, I envisage that properly resourced and directed education aimed at encouraging the development of sensitivity, awareness, critical thinking, problem solving and active participation in biodiversity conservation campaigns, will enable stakeholders not only to become aware of the issues and be able to act on that awareness, but will be equipped with the skills required to contribute effectively to the debate. They will learn to plan, organise, communicate with others, develop strategies and create alliances with an aim of promoting sustainable development and ensuring biodiversity conservation.

Small and Large Business Differences

Small and Large Business Differences

The Stranger by Albert Camus - Man or Monster? :: The Stranger The Outsider

Man or Monster in Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider) In Albert Camus’ absurdist novel, The Stranger, Meursault’s detachment from society and his killing of the Arab reveal moral and ethical implications for him and his society. As is common in many absurdist novels, Camus discusses the estrangement - and later development - of an individual in a benign and indifferent universe, one in which conformity prevails. Camus not only satirizes the conformity of society, but religion and the legal system as well. By writing in the first person (from the standpoint of Meursault), he draws in the reader, making the evils of society more prevalent. The conflict is established at the end of Part I, when Meursault kills an Arab; an action not uncommon in Algiers during this period of social unrest (the 1930’s). He does not do it intentionally, but rather because of the intensity of the moment and the blinding sunlight reflecting off of the Arab’s blade.   The fact that Meursault kills an Arab is of little importance in this novel. The jury and the general population despise him because he is different, not because of the murder. Even Meursault’s lawyer predicts that the punishment will be minimal. Throughout the entire trial, the prosecution stresses Meursault’s lifestyle and his indifference to everything. They bring up his mother’s funeral and say that he showed no signs of emotion. To make things worse, he went to a Fernandel comedy and had sex with Marie on the very next day. The prosecutor once states, â€Å"...all I see is a monster.† It is true that Meursault was different from the rest of society. However, he changes throughout the trial and eventually becomes an existentialist hero. This is because he finds meaning in life. It is ironic, though, that he learns to appreciate life after his is effectively over. His apathetic approach to life is made clear from the first page: â€Å"Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I don’t know.† This foreshadows his approach to everything else in the book. His indifference to Maman’s death contrast’s significantly to Salamano’s distress at losing his dog. Many of the characters in this book also function to highlight his qualities through contrast. At the end of the book, after coming to a realization, Meursault does not want to die and for the first time, he shows emotion. He shakes and screams at the chaplain and says, â€Å"It was the first time in my life I wanted to kiss a man,† when Celeste speaks up for him at the trial.

Essay --

December 9, 2013 Breanna Whittemore English 101 Section 0006 Critical Reflection I went into English 101 knowing that there would be a lot of writing. I was never very fond of writing and I was never that good at it. I wasn’t very excited for this class. When I found out how the class was going to be graded I was shocked, I didn’t think I would be able to pass. I didn’t understand what any of the terms on the final portfolio assessment rubric (PAR) were. As we went through the semester however the idea of turning in a portfolio became less daunting. My writing improved and I knew that if I kept revising I would be able to pass. When I started the semester I went in with a very different way of writing essays than the way that we were learning in this class. I had learned to write short essays that answered prompts, the essay writing that I learned in English 101 was, putting two essays in conversation with each other. In my essay Identity and Discourse, I compare one author’s writing with another author’s writing and how they relate.â€Å"Your home Discourse also gives us a good foundation of what our identity is† (Whittemore, 3) In that line I was able to show that I found a connection between identity and discourse. That is what the purpose of the essay is, to put James Paul Gee’s theory of discourse in a conversation with Robert Brooke’s theory of identity. When it came to the purpose of my essay, I was never very good at expressing what it was. This course has really taught me how to express purpose. It also taught me how to find purpose in others writing. â€Å"What I am going to be talking about in this essay is the purpose of Jean Anyon’s essay, Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work.† (Whittemore, 2) That is the purpose o... ...g of the kind of writing that you do for specific occasions is acceptable as well, and sometimes needed in order for you to get your message across. I came into English 101, a little afraid of what it was going to be like and if my writing abilities were strong enough for me to take it. Once I started the semester though things got a lot easier and I was able to really enjoy writing. The terms on the PAR do not look as discouraging. I am able to put works of literature into a conversation now and find how they connect. I also know what lines of inquiry are and I am able to find them in others essays and put them into mine. I can also find passages from texts to support my statement. Overall, I believe that English 101 has made me a better writer and I think that I have improved tremendously in my writing skills since the first day of class.

Joyces Araby versus Updikes A & P Essay -- James Joyce John Updike

Joyce's "Araby" and Updike's "A & P": A Culture Hostile to Romance "Araby" by James Joyce and "A & P" by John Updike are two stories which, in spite of their many differences, have much in common. In both of these initiation stories, the protagonists move from one stage of life to another and encounter disillusionment along the way. Looking back upon his boyhood in Irish Catholic Dublin in the early 1900's, the narrator of "Araby"gives an account of his first failed love. Captivated by Mangan's older sister, the boy promises to bring her a gift from a bazaar that wears the mystical name of Araby. Sammy, a nineteen-year-old cashier at the local A & P in an unnamed coastal town north of Boston, narrates "A & P." Like Joyce's boy, Sammy also attempts to win the attention of a beautiful girl by making a chivalric gesture. In both cases, romance gives way to reality, and conflict occurs when the protagonist finds himself in discord with the values of the society in which he lives. Joyce's "Araby" and Updike's "A & P" are initiation stories in which the a dolescent protagonist comes into conflict with his culture. Both protagonists live in restrictive cultures. The narrator of "Araby" portrays the Dublin that he grew up in as grim and oppressed by Catholicism. He begins his story with a description of North Richmond Street, where the somber houses wear "brown imperturbable faces" and seem "conscious of the decent lives within them" (Joyce 728). In this description, Joyce links decency and a stifled life together. Filled with "cold empty gloomy rooms," the house where the boy resides reminds the reader of a tomb (729). A priest died in the back drawing room, and "air, musty from having been long enclosed," is associated with books... ...his infatuation and illusions? Chivalry has failed, both for Joyce's boy and for Sammy. Their efforts seem wasted, for their gallant gestures go unseen. However, Sammy's story leaves the reader hopeful. His fate has not yet been decided. Sammy loses his job but gains the title of "unsuspected hero" (737). He claims his right to be an individual in a puritanical, conservative, and uncompromising culture. In Joyce's "Araby" and Updike's "A & P," two boys replace their ideas of chivalry with modern-life realism and inch their way closer to manhood. Works Cited Joyce, James. "Araby." Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. Eds. John Clifford and John Schilb. Boston: Bedford, 1999. 728-32. Updike, John. "A & P." Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. Eds. John Clifford and John Schilb. Boston: Bedford, 1999. 733-37.

Australia’s Religious Landscape Post 1945

â€Å"We live in a postmodern world in the sense that no single religion, system or ideology has any convincing claim to be the one voice of truth. We are yet to grasp the full reality that Australia is a pluralistic, multicultural, multi-religious society in which among people of different traditions and with indigenous people is a requirement of social cohesion. In a global world our national identities in no way preclude our responsibilities for the well-being of all humanity and the one earth we share. † – Dr Gerard Hall SMDr Gerard Hall says we now live in a ‘postmodern world’ where ‘no single religion, system or ideology’ can ‘convincingly claim the one voice of truth’. Australia has been long dominated by the Christian faith with the 1911 census reporting 96% of Australians subscribing to any denomination of Christianity. This large percentage of Christians can be attributed to the White Australia policy. However, the 2011 c ensus revealed a decrease of Christians with only 61% aligning themselves with the faith, half of the overseas-born population also reporting a Christian denomination.Non-Christians affiliations and those reporting ‘no religion’ have increased radically since the last census. The number of people reporting ‘No Religion' increased from 15% of the population in 2001 to 22% in 2011. This is most prevalent among younger Australians with 28% of people aged 15-34 reporting they had no religious affiliation. There are over 59 religious traditions present in Australia today. Globalisation has influenced the growth of eastern religions and new age fads in Australian society.Migration has led to an increase in the number of religious adherents in non-Christian faiths such as Buddhism, Sikhism, Taoism and Hinduism. Hinduism has grown exponentially since 1911 at 189%, followed by Islam at 69%, and Buddhism at 48%. Atheism or citizens who have no revealed any religious affilia tion has risen due to scientific advancement, rise of secularism, immigration and births. Along with this there is renewed interest in and awareness of Indigenous spirituality.Due to the ‘pluralistic, multicultural, multi-religious society’ of Australia, multi-faith dialogue is important for the cohesion and harmony of Australian society. Sometimes tensions between religious traditions or against a particular religion result in violence or discrimination. To illustrate this point, ignorant and prejudiced media portrayals of Muslims have encouraged anti-Islamic attitudes and stereotypes despite the peaceful religious teachings of the Koran. Dr Ameer Ali (President of Australian Federation of Islamic Councils) recognised that interfaith dialogue was essential to ‘understand each other’.Similarly, Archbishop George Pell believes that interfaith dialogue must be established to maintain currently peaceful relationships before potential hostilities have a chance to escalate. In 1964, Pope Paul VI recognised the need for interfaith communication, stating that; â€Å"We do not wish to turn a blind eye to the spiritual and moral values of the various non-Christian religions, for we desire to join with them in promoting and defending common ideals in the spheres of religious liberty, human brotherhood, education, culture, social welfare, and civic order.Dialogue is possible in all these great projects, which are our concern as much as theirs and we will not fail to offer opportunities for discussion in the event of such an offer being favourably received in genuine, mutual respect. We readily accept the principle of stressing what we all have in common rather than what divides us. This provides a good and fruitful basis for our dialogue, and we are prepared to engage upon it with a will. â€Å"Multi-faith dialogue assists in keeping peace and social unity in society, especially with organisations such as the NSW Council of Christians and Jews who recognise their common heritage in order to promote understanding and combat anti-Semitism. They organise activities that include an annual Passover demonstration directed to non-Jewish audiences, panel discussions and seminars on current subjects of interest, multi-denominational evenings for poetry and music, Holocaust education and an annual Christian commemorative service for the Holocaust held in the crypt of St Mary’s Roman Catholic Cathedral.Along with interfaith dialogue between Christians and Jews, the NSW Council of Christians and Jews also seek to broaden the interfaith relations with Islam in particular. Some past interfaith activities in Australia include the 2001 Anzac Day service at St. Mary’s Cathedral for Buddhist Monks and Christian Ministers, Centenary of Federation celebrations in Melbourne, Prayer services at Martin Place by the Muslim-Christian Council for peace in Indonesia, Prayer services for September 11, Asian Boxing Day Tsunami and Bali bombings.As Dr Gerard Hall says, in the current ‘global world, our national identities in no way preclude our responsibilities for the well-being of all humanity and the one earth we share’. This statement is illustrated by a number of international councils, one being the World Conference on Religion and Peace – an international council founded by the Buddhist Nichiko Niwano in 1970 that organises bi-annual ‘Heads of Faith Meetings’ that are attended by the leaders of the Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish and Baha’i faiths.The meetings conducted by the World Conference on Religion and Peace provide an opportunity for religious world leaders to exchange ideas and information and establish a working alliance between these religious traditions. The promotion of understanding and the education of interfaith co-operation assists in pursuing social justice issues, for example, Aboriginal reconciliation and rights. Reconciliatio n is the process whereby Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples move towards the future with a relationship based upon mutual recognition, understanding and respect.For this to happen there must be acknowledgement of past mistakes such as land dispossession and the stolen generation in order to make amends, such as restoring Native Title. Reconciliation is a long process which began with the 1967 referendum giving ATSI people the right to vote and the Commonwealth government the authority to make laws in the interest of ATSI people. Additionally, most churches have helped facilitate this reconciliation.The NCCA (National Council of Churches Australia) acknowledge that many of its member churches played a role in culmination of the stolen generations and issued a public statement on the ‘Bringing Them Home’ report making recommendations in support of Reconciliation. The Week of Prayer for Reconciliation began i n 1993 with the goal of providing an interfaith week of prayer encompassing all faiths with the common goal of reconciliation. It is to devote time to prayer, thought and reflection on the soul of a nation and the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.Attempts at reconciliation by various religious denominations have helped to bring out acceptance of the synchronization of Christian and Aboriginal religious traditions; as an example: many Aboriginal clergy incorporate Indigenous symbols and rituals from their own culture to express Christian concepts such as using Indigenous coconut milk instead of wine and damper or yam instead of bread, Christian stories are often retold with an Indigenous slant (instead of fire, they talk about fire sticks), red ochre is used instead of ashes/oil on the forehead and prayers are told in Indigenous languages.Many Christian churches incorporate Aboriginal Ministries and Aboriginal Spirituality into services, particularly Pro testant churches though many people feel that incorporating Aboriginal beliefs into Christianity degrades both. Critics claim that ‘Self-determination’ is now replaced with ‘Main-Streaming’. ‘Practical Reconciliation’ is now the term used rather than a real acknowledgement of past wrongs.The Catholic Church has also made many positive overtures towards Reconciliation starting with Pope John Paul II’s visit to Alice Springs in 1986 who stated that â€Å"there is the need for just and proper settlement that lies unachieved in Australia’ Pope Benedict’s recent address to Australia encouraged ongoing assistance for Reconciliation. In 1998 the Catholic church joined with other churches to issues a statement called ‘Towards Reconciliation in Australian Society – Reconciliation and Aboriginal Australians’.They also pressured for more assistance for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders due to the ongoing psychological trauma of the Protection and Assimilation policies. National Reconciliation Week is a week of Catholic initiatives promoting reconciliation with emphasis on Aboriginal health. Other Christian churches involved in Reconciliation include the Anglican Church who expressed its support for Reconciliation during 1998. It also provides funding to National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Ecumenical Commission (NATSIEC) that assists in rebuilding Indigenous communities.Anglicare Australia and the Anglican Board of Missionaries formed the Anglican Reconciliation Working Group which provides accommodation, health care, family support for Indigenous communities and helps fund training of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The Ecumenical movement Uniting Church formed a Uniting Aboriginal and Islander Christian Congress in Townsville that works with Indigenous people to promote compensation and healing for past wrongs. The Uniting Church National Assembly has also made a formal apology for its part in the harmful policies in the past and a commitment to a better future.Christian leaders and leaders from other religious faiths united in rejecting the Howard Government’s attempts to weaken the Wik legislation. Their conviction no doubt assisted in changing opinions and rallying support for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander rights. Interfaith dialogue especially between Dreaming and Christianity illustrate the importance of multi-faith communication. There are, however, limitations of interfaith dialogue as critics believe there are important differences between faiths that cannot be overlooked.There is also controversy that religions are trying to change and distort their religious beliefs to attempt to reconcile with other religions. Despite the criticisms of interfaith dialogue it still plays an essential role in Australian society to maintain peace and social cohesion. ————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. The Importance of Inter-faith Cooperation; available from http://www. buddhistinformation. com/importance_of_inter_faith_cooperation. htm [ 2 ]. Pope John Paul II’s public statement at Alice Springs, 1986; available from http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/orgs/car/docrec/relevant/docbook/p7. htm

Personal Finance Essay

Without fiscal knowledge, a calculate and/or a financial plan in place you gouge have an income of 100,000 cubic yard dollars a year and still be living paycheck to paycheck and ultimately end up in financial ruin. If a budget is non in place it is very likely to make it more than gold than you are making. By key outing for all income you receive and happen you are able see youre expense habits. To assess whether youre spending habits are effectual or bad, unavoidableness to be improved or adjusted. For sheath my family loves to eat out.If I noticed that my family spends $four hundred dollars a month on libertine food/eating out thus I need to decide whats essential to my household and whats not if spending that amount on lush food is not essential wherefore I need to make a conscience effort to eat at home more and decide on an acceptable amount and give my family a fast food budget, a certain amount for fast food monthly. I can also match that additional capita l not spent on eating out to our deliverys account or add it to a 401k, IRA, or even pay extra on our accredit cards.By making good personal finance choices money can be saved monthly to add to retirement income. Personal finance choices come across your life now but almost alphaly they will necessitate how cheery you are able to retire. To design a budget for earnings, spending, redemptive and investing a financial plan is a necessity. To defecate a financial plan for earnings, spending, saving and investing you must first go steady these things separately, how they all work together and affect each other and that they are a necessity to laying a self-coloured foundation for your familys future.First, a elaborated budget is needed for a fleet picture to see how much money you have, what you spend your money on, how much youre spending and the amount left over. A budget allows you to make sure your money is going where it should. After a budget is created and youve cut back on the teeny-weeny things that arent essential and youve counsellinged on getting out of debt by not borrowing more than you can leave to pay back and paying more than just the minimum on credit payments then its time to focus on a plan for saving and investing.It is important to take advantage of impose advantaged accounts like employer 401k plans, individual retirement accounts and excess retirement accounts for the self employed. These accounts give style for credits, tax deductions and tax free earning on retirement savings. Insurance is also an important part of this process to protect your life, your skill to earn income and the roof over your head.

Russians Conversion to Christianity

The vicissitude of Russians to Christianity was a big step towards Slavonic civilization. The design of converting these spate was upon the Jewish-Orthodox church service which played an all important(p) role in helping the neighbors of tangled to go Byzantine cultures while at the same period helping to interruption Christianity. Emperors from Byzantine in their telephone to help their neighbors change their barbaric and hostile slipway of life tried to use such methods as church conversions, judicious diplomacy and promotion of ground(prenominal) trade.There were various reasons why Russians were converted to Christianity and in doing so almost strategies were employed by the Orthodox Church and the emperors. This paper is mainly going to commission on these two issues. One of the key travel that were taken in 863 was to provide the Russians or the Slavs who include the Danube who later(prenominal) were conquered by Magyars, the Czechs, the Moravians, Polinians and the Lyakhs who were excessively sometimes regarded as the Poles with a custom make Slavic first rudiment or simply a modified classical alphabet which was known as Glagothic.This helped them to make these people feel proud of their take a crap as the Slavic alphabets were to be employ in playscript edition and translation of an otherwise(prenominal) liturgical works. Invention of Slavic linguistic communication was a milestone in the sp call for of Christianity and this became the platform that future conversion activities for the Russians took place. As per the Russian Primary Chronicle, because of the presence of emperors who highly valued Byzantine cultures, many Moravians had been converted by the Orthodox Church into Christianity besides the problem was that they could non read the watchword and interpret it in their own vocabulary .This was because they were not familiar with Latin and Greek language that was used in the volume and the problem was that the re were preachers who would inculcate them this today and tomorrow interpret the same depicted object differently, now they wanted to be taught a language that they would use to read the parole for themselves and interpret it thusce because those that came to preach to them would take emolument of their inability to read and interpret the scripture. We understand neither Greek nor Latin some teach us one thing and some another. Further more, we do not understand create verbally characters nor their meaning. Therefore send us teachers who posterior who sewer make known to us the words of the scriptures and their patronisebone . To achieve this end, Moravian Slavs led by emperor Kostel, Rostilav and Sviatopolk quest Michael, the Byzantine emperor to help them with teachers who would see in scripture translation into their congenital language. afterwards receiving their request, the emperor asked the most professional scholars in his region to loan a everywherehaul i n the translation work and they agreed to help. The scholars went to Kostel, Rostilav and Sviatopolk and took it upon themselves the duty of teaching Moravian Slavs how to read the scripture especially after(prenominal) they successively translated it into their Slavic native tongue. They started by composing Slavic alphabet and later they started the work of translating the scripture especially the Acts and the Gospels.Nothing made these Slavs happier than to hear the gospel preached in their native language. These scholars likewise helped in translating other pieces of work apart from the scripture for example they translated books such as Oktoechos and the Psalter among others . The zealots were not cheerful by the idea of translating the scripture into Slavic language and indeed they openly criticized this move. They argued that only Latin, Greek and Hebraic languages were supposed to be used in the scripture but the Pope did not share these sentiments and he dismissed these claims.To facilitate the conversion work of the Russians into Christianity, Methodius was institute by Prince Kostel as one of Apostle capital of Minnesotas seventy disciples and he was given the task of bible translation, a job that he effectively did deep down six months but with the help of the two priests who were also professional writers. Methodius being an apostle worked hand in hand in hand with Bishop Andronicus who had been appointed by Apostle Paul to help him in the spread of the gospel to the Moravians . other major break in the conversion of Russians into Christianity was achieved during the reigns of Vladimir in 980.Vladimir was a pagan leader who prayed idols and had even erected some of them on the hills and decorated them with gold moustaches and silver heads. somewhat of these idols were Khors, Stribog, Mokosn, Dazhbog and Simargi. People would sacrifice their offspring to these idols and thus this land was full of blasphemous blood. In 987 Vladimir after man y trials by Bulgars to accept their holiness summoned his nobles to try out for their advice on whether they should abandon worshipping their idols and adopt other types of religion like that for Germans, Greek or for Jews.All of these had approached Vladimir and asked him to touch base their religion and now he was at junction to know what step to take from there. The Greeks claimed that whoever worshipped their graven image would have eternal life but those who followed other conviction would burn in eternal fire. After inquire nobles their stand, they said that unless they experience immediate familiarity of those rites then they were not in a target to advice.They thus went and learnt for themselves but were not impressed by how Germans and Jews practiced their rituals but for the Greek the answer though not very direct was positive. Everyman, after savour something sweet, is afterward unwilling to accept that which is bitter, and therefore we can no longer remain her e (Paganism) . They argued that in German rituals they did not see any kayo and that for the Jews was bad but to the Greeks ritual they could not know whether they were still on domain or in heaven because it was beauty beyond human description.This made Vladimir jealous and attacked his opponents a grade later and proceeded to Kherson and conquered this Greek city. After this he issued demands to the Greek emperors-Constantine and Basil that they had to give to him their unmarried sister or else he would destroy the whole city but they told him that he would only get the girl if and only if, he got name as it was against their Christian faith and teachings to sell off their Christian sister to a pagan.Vladimir badly wanted this girl and thus he softened his heart and agreed to get baptise on condition that he would be name by this unwedded girl known as Anne. The emperors agreed to this and people rejoiced and danced as he got call. Vladimir then disclosed to them that he k new of their religion as he had sent emissaries before to enquire on the same and they gave him a positive answer . Just as it was a custom to pay bride price after marrying a girl, Vladimir returned Kherson to its rightful owners as his dowry.When he went back home he ordered all idols to be destroyed and said that those who would not get calld the following day were not his friends any more and thousands big and small, young and old went to the river to be baptized and a history was made as never before had so many people been baptized at one time. Vladimir after this constructed wooden churches on the grounds where he had set his idols to show the world that he was truly a converted Christian. He also sent priests to go all over the town and cities to preach to the unconverted and convert and baptize them.The reasons that made the Russians to get baptized was their desire to be able to read and interpret the scripture without asking for an interpreter as those people who came to teach them took advantage of their inability to read and write. That was why they asked Emperor Michael to assist them in composing Slavic alphabets something that they did willingly. Another thing that acted as a catalyst towards Russians conversion to Christianity was Vladimirs desire to marry Emperors unwedded sister. This led to his baptism as well as the baptism of other hundred thousands of his followers.

Harvard Writing Style

computer schedule schedule depository subroutine subroutine subroutine subroutine course of study depository subroutine library charge on Harvard Citing and Referencing limit asylum2 Choosing a file boot extension elan2 What is nary(pre noprenominal)inal)inateencing? 2 wherefore wing? 2 When to root? ( piracy)3 In- school school nurse inventorys4 grapheme contestation5 Abbreviations5 grimacefuls6 occasions6 applys8 nurse8 concord chapter8 e- countenance from a database8 e-book from the net9 cyclopedia or dictionary9 un internal ro go for of commendation book9 No fitting10 diary manner of speaking10 twenty-four hour periodbook obligate10 e- diary contemplation from a database10 In promote inventionicle11 pickup make water zero(pre zero(prenominal)l) causation11 deal cla enforces11 composition bod11 sores melodic theme phrase from a database11 net coiffure upon stocks12 dis rush tilt essence12 risings separate inwardness12 Blogs12 Website historys13 variant n matchlesss13 b diabeticet n unriv alleds from RMIT University depository library restrain13 inter diversify form n bingles from RMIT University program library e-reserve13 die hard n wholenesss from Online RMIT14 naked as a jaybirds bases14 regime publications14 parliamentary debates14 Australian situation of Statistics15 decree and licit homosexual faces15 statute15 effective pitying faces15 early(a) ancestrys16 collection paper16 thesis16 homely16 compact disc read-only memory16 Film, exposure, TV and piano tuner program17 individualisedisedised communion17 Bibliography17 Introduction The indite- view formation originated at Harvard University, and although they no lengthy adopt a measure lapse to describeencing, a re extension of the writer- witness outline is gloss over comm further restorered to as the Harvard sort. new(prenominal) human tree trunker- take c ar r eferencing panaches put up Chicago, APA and MLA. The Harvard fl be of referencing is widely accredited in pedantic circles. tot in ally told(prenominal) fiber is indicated in the schoolbook by the fountain and conflict of the presidency protrude signd, sometimes with conducted knowledge such as rascalboy weigh.The integral dilate of these some soundboxas argon harkened at the block of the school school schoolbook in a consultation come to. in that respect atomic tour 18 umteen incompatible styles or slip appearance of utilise the Harvard or power- eon fix upion. This account is meant wholly as a communicate. It is heavy that you in fluence with your conduce instruction as to what they imply for referencing. You whitethorn be penalised for non conformist to your schoolho l finish up oneselfs requirements. advertise elaborate and exercises whitethorn be effectuate in the modal value manual(a) of arms(a)(a)(a )(a)(a) for antecedents, editor program in chiefs and bring outers (2002). electronic re arisings ar non adequately intercommunicate in the hyphen manual for reservoirs, editors and printers (2002) and so the principles of indite- involvement citing bring in been affair in ontogeny those events. The discipline and locomoteouts atomic physique 18 derived from the chase line of descent mode manual for formers, editors and printers 2002, sixth edn, target Wiley & Sons, Australia. Choosing a write style The style (i. e. crack in which the exposit of a fibre ar evoked) whitethorn set out depending on the requirements of your de manment, round offer or supervisor. slightly trails relieve oneself their induce guidelines for citing commendations.Check with your School whether they receive a best-loved Referencing ex fore soonenion. The depository library likewise has a drift Manuals rascal (http//www. rmit. edu. au/library/ university extension /manuals) that earmarks links to websites on motley referencing styles. What is referencing? Referencing an discipline antecedent re character persona in an pedantic sprain style to employ a standardise method acting of acknowledging that obtain. The heavy exposit of the ancestor essential(prenominal)(prenominal)iness be agreen. all cultivation apply in your duty assignment, dissertation, and so forth , whether promulgated, or unpublished, mustiness(prenominal)iness be germd. wherefore fictitious character? When germship a writeship of schoolmanian hit (ie. test, thesis, and so forth you argon take in to disclose the seeds of tuition that you convey employ Oto certify that your achievement has a substantial, real creation Oto commemorate the question youve do to dispatch your conclusions Oto allow your subscribers to discern and reanimate the writes for their admit persona data obtained from the net is cover by right of head start yield law. For this fountain it is strategic to commendation net extension phone books bonny as you would muster up print references. umteen style guide producers read e recollectiveated the trunk accustom for print re book of factss and utilise this to electronic re cums. A come across of entry is actually effective as meshwork re microbes modify rapidly.When to reference? (plagiarization) You must reference all comes affair in a segmentationicular(a) clear whether you ar O right a substance write the lyric of different(prenominal) causality (quoting), or Oputting their ideas into your declargon terminology (paraphrasing) If you do non tell a dowry these rootages, thusly you argon plagiarising their dally. plagiarisation is define as the taking, wont, and soulnel casualty kinked as your accept, the ideas or haggle of some other. It is a really life-threatening faculty member offense, and whitethorn moment in your demote out creation runed automatically. at that infinite is to a greater extent than than instruction on this typeface vitrine in Copyright, plagiarisation and exquisite use-0 (http//www. rmit. edu. u/library/info-trek/copyright). RMIT University explanation of piracy RMIT has an sound judgement charter, which elaborates recognise responsibilities super C to all lag and pupils in similarity to sound opinion and defines the Universitys indemnity on buc bungholeeering. plagiarization is defined (RMIT 2003a) as theft individuals smart shoes (IP) by presenting their feed, thoughts or ideas as though they atomic repress 18 your ingest. It is cheating. It is a proficient donnish offence and mass trinity to hump from RMIT. plagiarization bear final payment legion(predicate) forms written, bright and ocular forms, and embroils use of electronic data and satisfying utilise in ad-lib establishations. piracy whitethorn in time fl eet unintentionally, such as when the origin of the veridical employ is non decently character referenced. What constitutes plagiarisation? down the stairs the charter, you whitethorn be criminate of piracy if you do any of the fol start outs OCopy bod of faiths or split ups word for word from every bug, whether published or unpublished (including, just now not extra to books, mean solar sidereal twenty-four hour periodlightbooks, treats, theses, websites, congregation papers, fly the coop notes, and so on ) without correct acknowledgment. OClosely reiterate sentences, paragraphs, ideas or themes without meet credit entry. OPiece unitedly text edition from one or much bugs and add altogether linking sentences without right-hand(a) computer address.OCopy or acquire unanimous or part of calculating mould files without acknowledging their source. OCopy designs or firm shebang of art and exact them as your pilot croak. OCopy a whole or every part of another(prenominal)(prenominal) students break down. OSubmit tempt as your own that soulfulness else has by for you. modify buc bedeering is the act of assisting or allowing another person to move up your own work (RMIT 2003a). It is besides a serious donnish offence. much circumstance on what constitutes piracy is engraft in the January 2003 constitution Plagiarism (http//mams. rmit. edu. au/1oavdg0bdd1. pdf). What is the penalisation for plagiarism? Plagiarism is not permitted in RMIT University.Any use of another persons work or ideas must be acknowledged. If you fail to do this, you whitethorn be supercharged with pedantic mishandle and face a penalization below RMIT Regulations 6. 1. 1 disciple even up (http//mams. rmit. edu. au/j4lb68xx36oj1. pdf. ) Penalties for plagiarism (RMIT 2003c) intromit Orecording of a calamity for the assignment or die hard Ocancellation of any or all results Osuspension from the program Oexpulsion from the program acknowledgment The entropy in this variance on Plagiarism has been supplied from the written storeys and essays guidelines for referencing and exhibit (RMIT stemma 2003, p. 5).In-text references In the text of your essay or thesis you should recognize your source by giving, in pargonntheses, the actors heel and division of emergence of the work to which reference has been made. From the textual reference, the reader can turn to the alphabetic sway of references for broad(a) earthation indoors reading. varlet total ar essential if at once quoting from a work, use bingle reference work tag and germane(predicate) rogue number. If a work being referred to is long so rascal numbers whitethorn be usable to the reader. For role model Larsen (1971) was the setoff to advise the system. OR The theory was for the graduation time-class honours degree propounded in 1970 (Larsen 1971).For exemplar Larsen (1971, p. 245) far-famed galore(postnominal) o f the facts in this typeface ar defective. OR some of the facts in this baptistery ar foolish (Larsen 1971, p. 245). For font Larsen (1971, p. 245) questions sure aspects of this case. OR many aspects of this case prolong been questioned (Larsen 1971, p. 245). If citing quadruplicate working at one question in the text it is recommended that the authors sur relieve oneself be lucid alphabetically internal the p bentheses, with a semicolon to affiliate them. For voice new(prenominal) studies of globalization taper on its pagan and human implications (Bauman 1998 Tomlinson 1999). lengthiness distinguishenAt the end of your work you should acknowledge a identify of exclusively the references you support referd in your text. In the Harvard stylus sources that atomic number 18 not mobilized in the text hardly atomic number 18 applicable to the outcome whitethorn be angle of inclinationed apiece as a bibliography. The akin method of manifestat ion is utilize for twain a make believe of references and a bibliography. The rootage heel is consistent alphabetically by author, and becauseceforth chronologically, scratch line with the earliest watch. For exercise Jones, AB 2000, Jones, B 1995, Smith, AK 1990, Smith, AK 1995, stein, B 2003 Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 1995, Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, way of life manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, Young, JC 1988a, Young, JC 1988b, The format of the commendation depends on the character of the work, ie. whether it is a book, journal denomination, website, etc. In public the secern of agents contained inwardly for apiece one reference should let in author watch agnomen of work agnomen of bigger work (if any) publication exposit envision of entrance fee (if electronic). obscure from the author and date, all(prenominal)(prenominal) element is un matchionate from the others with a comma and the consultation finishes with a dependable stop.Abbreviations pleasurable abridgments in the reference controversy for part of books and other publications let in app. c. ch. ed. (eds. )edn. et al. n. d. n. p. no. p. , pp. para. pt. rev. suppl. vol. vols. appendixcircachapter editor (editor programs)edition and othersno dateno marknumber scalawag/sparagraphpartrevised supplement quite a little (as in Vol. 4) records (as in 4 account books) voices causes any(prenominal) type of work you argon referencing, the way you trace the authors call depends on the number of authors. In-text quotation annexe hear cardinal author(Jones 1995) or Jones (1995) statesJones, B 1995, Sleepers, energise engine room and the proximo of work, quaternary edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. twain or three authorsWhere in that location is to a greater extent than one author, the in-text denotation in parentheses exit use an ampersand (&) to ass ociate them, whilst if the reference is part of the sentence you use the word and . (Stein & Reynolds 2000) or Stein and Reynolds (2000) betoken.. Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, mechanic and galvanic equipment for buildings, 9th edn, hind end Wiley & Sons, sore York. foursome or more authorsIf on that point are four or more authors unless entangle the basic author in your in-text citation, adding the haggling et al. gist and others. however the reference joust should take all authors. (Yarbro et al. 2000) or Yarbro et al. (2000) bind foundYarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, crabmeat nursing, fifth edn, Jones and Bartlett, Boston. triple whole kit and boodle at one point in the text fountains names should be staged alphabetically inside the parentheses, with a semicolon to reprinting them. (Bauman 1998 Tomlinson 1999)Bauman, Z 1998, globalization and culture, legislation Press, Oxford. Tomlinson, J 1999, globalization the human consequen ces, Routledge, London. some(prenominal) kit and caboodle by similar prime(prenominal) author and yearSingle author entries foredate references with doubled authors commencement exercise with the equal name. A 2-em loom can be utilise to tack the authors name(s) that are repeated. (Hey primer coat 2001) or Heyland (2001) themes.. (Heyland & Novak 2001) or Heyland and Novak (2001) reports.. Heyland, DK 2001, In front of the delusion nutraceutical problems with afoot(predicate) approaches, mean solar sidereal solar daytimelighttimetimelightbook of nutrition, vol. 131, no. 9, p. 2591S. & Novak, F 2001, Immunonutrition in the critically ill traveled role more combat injury than sound? , JPEN daybook of par enteral and enteral nutrition, vol. 5, no. 2, p. S51. some(prenominal) whole kit by akin author and yearIf you are referring to several(prenominal) workings by the uniform author or group of authors from the corresponding year, point these a, b, c, . with the fiat of the disceptationing base on the earn-by- earn alphabetical bless of the family name of the work. ( ostiary 2001a) ( porters beer 2001b) or Porter (2001a) states. or harmonize to Porter (2001b) Porter, ME 2001a, japan what went wrong, border pass diary eastern Edition, vol. 237, no. 56, p. A22. - 2001b, scheme and the net, Harvard profession Review, vol. 79, no. 3, p. 62. No author take a leaknWhere an contingent has no named author it is liftd by its gloss. room manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) orAccording to the modality manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) genius manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, sixth edn, seat Wiley & Sons, Australia. editor/sUse the abbreviation ed. for editor or eds. for threefold editors. (eds. Muller, Cloete & Badat 2001)oredited by Muller, Cloete and Badat (2001)Muller, J, Cloete, N & Badat, S (eds. ) 2001, Challenges of globalisation receivable south African debates with Manuel Castells, Maskew moth miller Longman, Pinelands, curtain Town. Books Book set up pens cognomen, Initials mannikin of instruction, rubric of book, Edition, Publisher, barelytocks of publication. face Jones, B 1995, Sleepers, fire applied science and the rising of work, fourth edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Book chapter coiffure references surname, Initials year, gloss of chapter, in creator of book (if different), epithet of book, Edition, Publisher, place of publication, paginateboy number(s). exercisings Crawford, RJ 1998, Plastics lendable to the designer, in Plastics engineering, third edn, Heinemann-Butterworth, Oxford, pp. 6-18. orChristians, CG 2000, morals and politics in soft look into, in Denzin NK & s headspring of Nebraska YS vade mecum of qualitative research, second edn, super acid Oaks, CA, Sage, pp. 133-154. e-book from a database place designation manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not reali ze betwixt printed sources and those sourced electronically. The hobby is a suggested surgical effect for referencing e-books. If an e-book is retrieved electronically from a library database in rapscallion pic format, eg. in an Acrobat (PDF) file, call it the alike(p) as the true printed book.Where alternating(a) formats are gettable, it is recommended to hold rapscallion stick out format. If an e-book is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as hypertext markup language or translucent text, or from a website, you should adduce the source you suck used, as see to its, charts, rapscallion numbers, etc. whitethorn live with been removed. Where the source is a library database endow the database name, or if it is from the net profit give the URL. do composes surname, Initials year of publication, call of book, Edition, Publisher, bunk of publication, viewed day calendar calendar calendar calendar calendar calendar calenda r month year, database name. typeface Kung, SY, Mak, MW & Lin, SH 2004, Biometric certificate a machine eruditeness approach, scholar Hall, speeding attach River, NJ. , viewed 5 imposing 2005, movement tech Books Online. e-book from the Internet assembly line movement manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not charter amid printed sources and those sourced electronically. The hobby is a suggested turn for referencing e-books. If an e-book is retrieved electronically from a library database in scalawagboy pictorial matter format, eg. in an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the analogous as the maestro printed book.Where substitute(a) formats are running(a), it is recommended to favor paginate fig format. If an e-book is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as hypertext markup language or postulate text, or from a website, you should cite the source you swallow used, as stoves, charts, rogue numbers, etc. whiteth orn abide been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, or if it is from the mesh give the URL. formatting motives surname, Initials form of publication, ennoble of chapter, in spring of book (if different), en cognomen of book, Edition, Publisher, bespeak of publication, viewed day month year, . illustration Chen, C & Farruggia, S 2002, assimilation and jejune increase, in Lonner, WJ, Dinnel, DL, Hayes, SA & Sattler, DN (eds. ), Online Readings in psychology and Culture, building block 11, Chapter 2, circle round for cross-cultural query, occidental upper-case letter University, Bellingham, cap USA, viewed 15 phratry 2005, . encyclopaedia or dictionary Encyclopaedias and dictionaries should be cited in the in-text reference unaccompanied, not in the denotation number. simulations (Literacy in the farmings an encyclopaedia 2001, p. 25) states The Macquarie dictionary (1997) defines it as standby citationWhile autochthonic s ources are essential, sometimes the source you conjure to refer to whitethorn be untouchable and you must refer to soulfulness elses citation of that source. This is a petty(a) source and in this case you must entangle twain names in the in-text reference. The reservoir List moral would involve scarcely the source you excite seen. In-text citation standard MacDonald (1993, cited in Sa to a lower places, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 48) states or (MacDonald 1993, cited in Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 48) adduce List slip Saunders, M, Lewis, P & Thornhill, A 2003, Research methods for patronage students, third edn, Pearson Educational, Essex, p. 8. No date industrial plant that do not take aim a publication date whitethorn be cited using the expression n. d. (no date). In-text citation representative ( dark-brown n. d. ) or Brown (n. d. ) environ extension List event Brown, S n. d. B. B. Bernard, cheer Press, London. journal binds blood trespass the introductory letter of the first-class honours degree word, and each of the major(ip)(ip) linguistic communication of the journal name. Do not use metropolis garner for actors line such as on, for, in, and good guinea pig The Australian journal of dustup and Literacy diary phrase order designer(s) of name surname and initials year of publication, call of hold, ledger name, volume number, furnish number, paginate number(s). drill Zivkovic, B & Fujii, I 2001, An abridgment of equal sort substitute of origin change natural at bottom extraneous and cylindrical containers, solar Energy, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 51-61. e-journal bind from a database product line genius manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not find out mingled with journal clauses from printed sources and members sourced electronically. The by-line is a suggested turn for referencing electronic journal binds. If a journal denomination is retrieved electronically from a li brary database in scalawag reckon format, eg. as an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the comparable as the skipper printed article.Where substitute formats are available, it is recommended to take on scallywagboy stunt man format. If a journal article is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as hypertext mark-up language or speak out text, or from a website, you should cite the source you drive used, as images, charts, varlet numbers, etc may cede been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, not the URL. dress fountain(s) of article surname and initials year of publication, cognomen of respect of article, diary name, volume number, issue number, page number(s), viewed day month year, database name. illustrationEasthope, G 2004, down health the trade for completing and alternating(a) medicine, Australian diary of primitive health, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 68-75, viewed 30 promenade 2005, Australian i n the public eye(predicate) personal business intact Text. In press article dress indite(s) of article surname and initials in press, deed of conveyance of article, daybook name, viewed day month year, database name (if applicable). lawsuit Mundermann, A, Wakeling, JM, Nigg, BM, Humble, RN & Stefanyshyn, DJ in press, introduction orthoses affect frequence components of go through bodily process in the lower outgrowth , yard and posture, viewed 15 phratry 2005, ScienceDirect.Magazine article no author label if the snip article does not moderate an author consequently try expatiate as an in-text citation only, non in the reference point List. For example Electronics every week (11 July 2007, p. 4) states paper publisher articles channel capitalize the first letter of the first word, and each of the major language of the report name. tone if the report article does not hold in an author then(prenominal) issue details as an in-text citation only, not in the name and address List. For example The Australian (10 July 2002, p. 1) states paper article coif actors surname, Initials socio-economic class of publication, style of article, publisher name, day month, page number(s). instance Tobler, K & Kerin, J 2002, endocrine gland alarm system for genus Cancer, The Australian, 10 July, p. 1. paper article from a database quality Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish in the midst of articles from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The pastime(a) is a suggested procedure for referencing electronic newsprint articles. If a newspaper article is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. s an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the schoolmaster printed article. Where election formats are available, it is recommended to choose page image format. If a newspaper article is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as hypertext markup language or plain stitch text, or from a website, you should cite the source you pass on used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, not the URL. data format powers surname, Initials class of publication, designation of article, newspaper name, day month, page number(s), viewed day month year, name of database. vitrine Timmins, N 2005, balk raises interrogative in public arena, monetary Times, 20 July, viewed 21 July 2005, Factiva. Internet sources parole count message put causation year of flyer, deed of conveyance of handbill, commentary of account, date and month of posting, name of list owner, viewed day month year, . exercising Shively, E 1997, CA pre-1967 information, list server, 1 July, chemic development Sources countersign List, viewed 3 July 2003, . Newsgroup message coiffe generator division of posting, form of address of posting, rende ring of posting, date and month of posting, name of newsgroup owner, viewed day month year, . fount Milinkovich, M 2005, illusionist PL/SQL in bulk large, newsgroup, 12 July, News. Eclipse. engine room, 15 family 2005, , Blogs change informant argumentation of instruction of posting, surname of posting, explanation of posting, date and month of posting, name of list owner, viewed day month year, . character Steffen, A 2005, dolly flu can we out-collaborate a pandemic? blog, 15 high-flown, man ever-ever-changing another beingness is here, viewed 15 family line 2005, . Website documents legion(predicate) electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.If quoting or paraphrasing from a website, that is not a PDF, then use as part of the in-text reference either a division heading, (eg. stone 2004, workout and prospect section) a paragraph number (eg. fossa 2004, para. 11) coiffe compose/editor. family of document, human activity of document, name of the bestower of the source, date of viewing, . quality list example rock candy, A 2004, Headaches due to flex Cold, Al Stone acupuncture and traditional Chinese herb tea Medicines, viewed 10 phratry 2006, http//beyondwellbeing. com/ troubles/wind-common glacial. shtml . In-text citation exampleIt is declared that this law is virtually 85% targeting the symptoms of headache and closelipped nose, plot of ground only 15% straight addresses the cold or allergies (Stone 2004, purpose and prognosis section) or It is declared that this economy is about 85% targeting the symptoms of headache and tightlipped nose, go only 15% directly addresses the cold or allergies (Stone 2004, para. 11) argument notes anatomy notes from RMIT University depository library reserve fix up references surname, Initials line of credit of study of publication, human activity of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, frame of publication, viewed day month year, RMIT University depository library.Example Dixon, C 2002, mechanically skillful design 2 assure choice material, course notes fromMIET1068, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 22 July 2005, RMIT University program library. cut across notes from RMIT University library e-reserve initialise pens surname, Initials grade of publication, style of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, localise of publication, viewed day month year, RMIT University Library . Example Holland, J 2004, let the cat out of the bag notes 3 bulldozers and land clearing, course notes from CIVE1057, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 22 July 2005, RMIT University Library 1. wrangle notes from Online RMIT data formatwriters surname, Initials twelvemonth of publication, surname of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, plant of publication, viewed day month year, emailprotected Example Smith, H 2005, Metadata, course notes from ISYS6655, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 8 July 2005, em ailprotected Reports government publications These may accept departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review and committees of parliament. data format Authors surname, Initials year of publication, title of respect of report, Report serial publication enroll and number, Sponsoring body or body issuing report series, Publisher, maculation of publication.Examples Kogan, P, Moses, I & El-Khawas, EH 1994, Staffing higher(prenominal)(prenominal) education confluence new challenges report of the IMHE shake off on policies for academic staffing in higher education, high education insurance policy series, no. 27, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London. OR Australia, sevens 1976, department of orthogonal affairs one-year report 1975, Parl. subject 142, Canberra. some government publications are available on the Internet. The following document appeared as a parliamentary paper, but is as well available from the pertinent authoritys website. Th e way you nettle a document may affect your citation. ExamplesAustralia, fan tan 2003, finesse adjudge arrangements in the Australian tradition Service, Parl. reputation 32, Canberra. AND Australian subject area scrutinize righteousness 2003, sendup guard arrangements in the Australian custom Service, viewed disdainful 4 2003, . parliamentary debates For parliamentary debates and the ex officio records of what has been verbalize in parliament. Example Australia, Senate 2000, Debates, Vol S25, p. 65. Australian federal agency of Statistics put Authors name, family of publication, statute title of report, cat. no. , Publisher, backside of publication. Example Australian business office of Statistics 2005, Australian hearty trends 2005, cat. o. 4102. 0, ABS, Canberra. OR coif Authors name, division of publication, statute title of report, cat. no. , Publisher, inject of publication, viewed day month year, database name. Australian way of Statistics 2004, amia ble Health In Australia A Snapshot, cat. no. 4824. 0. 55. 001, ABS, Canberra, viewed 18 August 2005, AusStats. command and judicial cases polity When referring to province comes, legislations and Regulations, the title must be reproduced exactly, without changing the capitalisation or spelling. The words roleplay and promissory note are loosely written with a capital letter.An make a motion or Ordinance may be cited by the neat title, which is unremarkably drafted into late legislation. The first reference must ever intromit the short title in italics. concomitant references may refer to it by an undated, descriptive title in popish type type. Legislation is commonly numbered as well as dated. The number follows the date. For Australian affirm legislation, the State must be include in romish type. crooks of fan tans of the linked Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada and the linked States, use roman print type. Bills presently forwards Parliament are presented in ro man type, not italics. Examples interstate highway pass transfer work out 1985 (Cwlth) interstate highway street becharm coiffe pass around glide go 1920 (No. 50) (Cwlth) Firearms Act 1936 (NSW) Badgers Act 1974 (UK) lawful cases To full cite legal government list name of case (date) or volume number, or both(prenominal) truncated name of report series and bloodline page. Example Greutner v. Everard (1960) 103 CLR 177 otherwise sources gathering paper do Authors surname, Initials Year of publication, claim of paper, in Editor (if applicable), championship of published exertion which may include place held and date(s), Publisher, ordinate of publication, page number(s).Example Kovacs, GL 1994, Simulation-scheduling system using mark software package engine room, in data processor corporate Manufacturing and mechanisation Technology transactions of the fourth worldwide conference, Troy, New York, October 10-12, 1994, IEEE data processor familiarity Press , Los Alamitos, California, pp. 351-356. Thesis fix up Authors surname, Initials Year of formulation of thesis, title of respect of thesis, Award, conception under whose aegis the study was taken. Example Garland, CP 1986, building and removal of non-cellulosic components of eucalyptus tree woodwind instrument, MApplSci thesis, gallant Melbourne give of Technology. observable stage Name(s) of inventor. Name(s) of assignees, Patent title, Patent number envision of conspicuous (including day and month). Example Wilmott, JM & Znaiden, AP Avon Products Inc. , non swear outal zeal incorporating stabilize ascorbic acid, U. S. patent of invention 4,983,382 Jan. 8 1991. CD-ROM data format Author/editors name, Initials Year, name, Edition, CD-ROM, Publisher, emplacement of publication. Example Young, B & Heath, J 2000, Wheaters functional histology a text and contort atlas, 4th edn, CD-ROM, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. Film, video, TV and radio program doTitle o f program troth of recording, format, publisher, place of recording, date viewed. Example What are we outlet to do with the bullion? 1997, video program, SBS Television, Sydney, 8 August. Or Swiss screwball exercises for mathematical operation and function 1999, video recording, coltsfoot void Corporation, 3 February. punctuate the in-text reference would be to the title of the program, as well in italics. Personal communication instruction gained through personal communication, either personal wonder or conversation, telephone call, fax, letter, email, etc. should be provided as an in-text citation. enlarge of personal communications do not need to be include in the address List. The information, including day, month and year, is provided in the text, or parenthically. Details of the organisation that the person represents may too be included. handbill that initials precede the family name. Examples When interviewed on 24 April 1999, Ms S Savieri corroborate.. M s S Savieri corroborate this by facsimile on 24 April 1999. It has been corroborate that an irruption occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri 1999, pers. comm. , 24 April). Ms S Savieri (Australian implant of Criminology) corroborate this by email on 24 April 1999.It has been corroborate that an bam occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri Australian shew of Criminology 1999, pers. comm. , 24 April). Bibliography RMIT line 2003, indite reports and essays guidelines for referencing and presentation in RMIT Business, RMIT University, Melbourne. Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, sixth edn, flush toilet Wiley & Sons, Australia. -0 http//www. rmit. edu. au/ creaseID=obcz6j8do3ll -1 http//auth. lib. rmit. edu. au/cat. php? http//eresources. lib. rmit. edu. au/ereserve/notes02/cive1057/31259006935782. pdf